tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57113496419212366042024-02-29T08:27:21.075+01:00Donner du sens aux motsFred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.comBlogger132125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-40045779710569846842014-04-29T22:00:00.000+02:002014-04-29T21:56:26.114+02:00Singh à Ceylan et sérendipité de Singapour<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Narasimha</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Même si aujourd’hui on n’en dénombre plus que quelques centaines en Inde, le lion asiatique était commun jadis dans le sous-continent. Le sanskrit</span> <span style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">सिंह</span> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/siṃha/</span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">le désignait et on trouve dans l’hindouisme un <a href="http://truchement.blogspot.in/2011/06/avatars.html" target="_blank">avatar</a></span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">de Vishnu nommé <b>Narasimha</b> qui comme son nom l'indique est moitié homme, moitié lion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Le mot </span><span style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">सिंह</span> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/siṃha/</span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">a essaimé dans presque toutes les langues indiennes sous des formes plus ou moins altérées.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Ainsi le patronyme <b>Singh</b> est très fréquent parmi les hindous de différentes castes mais il est surtout utilisé chez les Sikhs. Ceux-ci se doivent de l’adopter comme nom de famille pour tous les hommes (les femmes s’appelleront <b>Kaur</b> « princesse »), l’actuel premier ministre indien se nomme <b>Manmohan Singh</b>, il est de confession sikhe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sarandeep Singh</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">C’est encore ce mot </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/sing/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> que l’on retrouve dans le nom de la langue majoritaire du Sri Lanka, le <b>cinghalais</b> alors que l’ancien nom de ce pays, <b>Ceylan</b> provient de la prononciation anglaise du sanskrit </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/sinhala/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> qui pourrait signifier « sang du lion ». Cette île a connu différentes appellations parmi lesquelles on trouve le sanskrit </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5711349641921236604" name="Usi.mhaladviipa"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/siṃhaladvīpa</span></a><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/</span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">ou </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/sīhaladvīpa/</span> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">« île du (sang du) lion » que les Persans ont altéré en سراندیپ </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/sarândîp/ </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">voir <a href="http://truchement.blogspot.in/2011/12/laque-et-laquedives-sumac-et-lakshmi.html" target="_blank">Laquedives</a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">. C’est ce nom que l’on retrouve dans le conte persan « Voyages et aventures des 3 princes de <b>Sérendip</b> » dans laquelle ceux-ci sont amenés à faire des découvertes fortuites. Il est à l’origine du mot <b>sérendipité</b> qui définit en science une découverte due au hasard ou à l’intuition. Par ailleurs, c’est cette fable qui va inspirer voltaire dans son « Zadig ou la Destinée ».<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Le mot </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/sing/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> a été emprunté par d’autres langues asiatiques tel le thaï</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">สิงห์</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/sing/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> qui va nommer la bière </span><b style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Singha</b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> ou le malais singa « lion » qui est l’origine du toponyme </span><b style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Singapour</b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">, la « ville du lion ». </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 35.4pt;">On le retrouve encore dans la langue khmer dans laquelle lion peut se dire </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 35.4pt;">/seng/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> ou </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 35.4pt;">/siha/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> comme c'est le cas dans le nom de l'ancien roi du Cambodge Norodom <b>Sihanouk</b> (mâchoire [</span><span style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 35.4pt;">हनु</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 35.4pt;">/hanu/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 35.4pt;">] de lion)</span><br />
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C'est bien entendu la sérendipité qui m'a mené à faire un lien entre ce mot traité dans une émission de <a href="http://www.franceculture.fr/serendipite-du-role-du-hasard-dans-les-decouvertes" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;" target="_blank">France Culture</a> et le mot Singh </div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-33044296905876973222013-06-10T09:00:00.000+02:002013-06-10T09:46:58.154+02:00Yaourt et tzatziki d'Erdoğan <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Le
mot <strong>yaourt</strong> a été emprunté il y quelques siècle au bulgare yugúrt qui l’avait
lui-même emprunté au turc yoğurt <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/yo%C4%9Furt/#tr" target="_blank">écouter</a></span>. Le français <i><strong>yogourt</strong></i> attesté sous cette
forme en 1432 deviendra <i>yaourth</i> en 1853 suivant en cela la prononciation
du turc moderne dans lequel la lettre ğ </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/g/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
ne se prononce quasiment plus entre deux voyelles. C’est pour la même raison phonétique
que le nom du premier ministre turc <strong>Erdoğan</strong> se prononce </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/ardoan/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/search/Erdo%C4%9Fan/" target="_blank">écouter</a></span>,
du turc doğan </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/doan/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> « faucon ». Le turc
yoğurt </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yo-urt/</span> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">« yaourt »
dérive de l’adjectif yoğun « dense, compact » voisin du mot yoğurmak </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yo-urmak/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
« pétrir, malaxer » que l’on retrouve aussi dans le turkmène
ÿuwgurmak « pétrir ». </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Même si chez nous le yaourt est la forme la plus
consommée de lait fermenté, d’autres pays en produisent des variétés plus ou
moins différentes. C’est par exemple le cas du leben arabe, de l’aïrag mongol,
du kefir caucasien ou du lassi indo-pakistanais. C’est aussi dans cette dernière
région qu’est produite la <strong>raita</strong>, un plat froid à base de yaourt salé et épicé
dont l’un des principaux ingrédients est la moutarde. Son nom provient
d’ailleurs du hindi </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">राई</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">/raï/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> « moutarde ». </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">La raita possède un équivalent grec connu sous le nom
de <strong>tzatziki</strong>, un mot grec </span><span lang="EL" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EL;">τζατζίκι<b> </b></span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EL; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">tzatzíki/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> emprunté au turc cacık </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">/čačik/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/cac%C4%B1k/#tr" target="_blank">écouter </a></span>qui
désigne un plat similaire mais plus liquide.</span></div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-57113945321966601612013-06-06T20:54:00.002+02:002013-06-06T20:56:41.143+02:00Kismat de la place Taksim<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Istanbul voit ces jours-ci sa
population marquer son mécontentement lors de manifestations sur une des places
principales de la ville, la <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">place Taksim</b>.
Le turc taksim signifie « division », emprunté à l’arabe تقسيم </span><span class="Style1Car">/taqsīm/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, qui a aussi fait souche dans l’ourdou تقسيم
</span><span class="Style1Car">/taqsīm/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> et le persan تقسیم کردن
</span><span class="Style1Car">/taqsīm kardan/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> « diviser ».
La place stambouliote tient son nom du fait qu’elle était le lieu de la
division en plusieurs canaux du captage d’une source en amont, elle devint la
place de la division des eaux sous le sultan Mahmoud 1<sup>er</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Le mot arabe</span>
تقسيم <span class="Style1Car">/taqsīm/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> provient de la racine قسم </span><span class="Style1Car">/qasama/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> qui signifie « diviser,
répartir » à l’origine du mot قسمة </span><span class="Style1Car">/qismat/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
« destin ». Lui aussi été emprunté par de nombreuses langues telles
que le turc kısmet « destin, fatalité », l’albanais kësmet, ou
l’ourdou/hindi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>قسمت /</span> <span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-language: HI;">ि<span lang="HI">क़</span>स्म<span lang="HI">त् </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span class="Style1Car">/qismat/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> « destin ». </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Il entre dans la langue
anglaise sous la forme <b>kismet</b> ou <b>kismat</b> pour faire référence au
destin à l'orientale.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">C’est
ce nom <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Kismet</b> qui sera donné à un
robot du MIT capable de communiquer avec les humains.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>La racine
arabe est issue du radical proto-sémitique *qsm « diviser » mais aussi
« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">pratiquer la</i> divination »
à l’origine de l’hébreu קסם </span><span class="Style1Car">/qasam/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> « distribuer (par lot),
divination ».</span></div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-41478052077732242992013-06-04T08:08:00.000+02:002013-06-04T21:44:55.488+02:00Moussem de la mousson, MuCEM de Sivan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Toute
l’Asie du Sud-est, de la péninsule indienne à la côte chinoise attend chaque
année l’arrivée de la <b>mousson </b>qui conditionne la réussite des récoltes
agricoles. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Le
mot mousson provient de l’arabe موسم </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/mawsim/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
« saison » et c’est aussi lui qui est à l’origine du mot <b>moussem</b>, ces
fêtes saisonnières que l’on rencontre en Algérie et au Maroc. Ce dernier semble provenir de son pluriel مواسم </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/mwāsem/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
« saisons ». Ces jours-ci la ville de Marseille inaugure son grand musée, le <b>MuCEM</b> qui est un acronyme (Musée des Civilisations de l'Europe et de la Méditerranée) faisant écho à l'arabe moussem. "festival".<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> Le mot موسم </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/mawsim/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
« saison » est issu de la racine arabe وسم </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/wasama/
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">« marquer
(les bêtes) » qui trouve son origine dans le proto-sémitique </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/*wsm/
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">« être
favorable ». Celui-ci est à l’origine de l’hébreu </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px;" xml:lang="">מְזוּמָּן</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px;"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 24px;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">/mazumān/ </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px;">« arrangé, invité </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 47px;">» qui a donné l'argot américain <b>mazuma </b></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px;">« cash, fric </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 47px;">» </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgryBU98nxOBcUgA3GsD_E_uwcNc4QAtXcI4JBWVyPsLAm5wivKHOFG_UqWek8lAGHXfP9M9M6Tj9x63pN-JfhO3LsyflExYnySPu8Vg75H-BjDfgBvGgcWoJd7DlepBLO7h6bsVcnBcFly/s1600/EyalSivan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgryBU98nxOBcUgA3GsD_E_uwcNc4QAtXcI4JBWVyPsLAm5wivKHOFG_UqWek8lAGHXfP9M9M6Tj9x63pN-JfhO3LsyflExYnySPu8Vg75H-BjDfgBvGgcWoJd7DlepBLO7h6bsVcnBcFly/s200/EyalSivan.jpg" width="141" /></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">C’est
aussi ce radical sémitique qui est à l’origine de l’akkadien </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/simanu/
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">« saison »
lui-même étymon de l’hébreu סִיוָן </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/sivan/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">, nom d’un mois du calendrier hébraïque, le mois de <b>Sivan</b> (nous sommes aujourd'hui le 26 Sivan 5773). C’est aussi de
là que provient le patronyme Sivan tel celui du réalisateur <b>Eyal Sivan </b></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">ou de l'actrice israélienne</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><b> Sivan Levy.</b></span><br />
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-49930123100259721212013-05-31T19:15:00.000+02:002013-06-01T09:22:13.100+02:00La taqiya de Ziad Takieddine <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Avant
d’être un intermédiaire louche mouillé dans des affaires politiques et
financières du précédent gouvernement, <b>Ziad Takieddine</b> est un Libanais de la
communauté ismaélienne druze. Son patronyme provient de deux mots arabes qui
signifient « vertu de la religion ». Le mot « religion » a
déjà été traité <a href="http://truchement.blogspot.fr/2011/10/danone-et-zidane-takieddine-et-medina.html" target="_blank">ici</a> et le mot تقي /</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">taqī/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">écouter « crainte
(de Dieu), dévot, pieux ». Ce nom تقی الدين /</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">taqī
ad-dīn</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/
est présent sous forme de prénom ou de nom de famille en Syrie et au Liban,
pays duquel <b>Takieddine Solh</b> fut d’ailleurs premier ministre. On trouve aussi,
né entre l’Egypte et la Syrie un astronome du 16<sup>ème</sup> siècle du nom de
<b>Taqi al-Din</b> Mohammed ibn Ma'ruf al-Shami al-Asadi. Très réputé, il devint l’astronome
attaché d’un sultan ottoman et il est à l’origine d’un des plus grands
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On
trouve par ailleurs un dérivé du mot تقي /</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">taqī/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/search/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A/" target="_blank">écouter</a></span> dans
l’arabe تقیة /</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">taqīa<sup>h</sup>/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">qui signifie « crainte
(de Dieu), piété, vertu » mais surtout par analogie « dissimulation ».
La <b>taqiya</b> est dans l’islam une mesure qui permet aux musulmans de dissimuler leur
pratique ou leur foi pour des raisons de sécurité. La taqiya a été utilisée par
les marranes d’Espagne ou les chiites du Moyen-Orient, notamment les Druzes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On
retrouve encore le mot تقي /</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">taqī/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dans plusieurs
toponymes iraniens tels que </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><b>Taqiabad</b>,
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Taqi
Dizaj</b> ou <b>Emam Taqi</b>.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pour une lecture moderne et politique de la taqiya, voir <a href="http://blog.mondediplo.net/2013-03-02-La-ruse-est-leur-mot-d-ordre" target="_blank">Alain Gresh ici</a>.</span> </div>
Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-70537194815275431622013-05-27T19:13:00.000+02:002013-05-27T19:57:50.625+02:00Bougre de gouine bulgare de Ghadames<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">L’effervescence
française lors des débats concernant le mariage pour (presque) tous nous permet
de rebondir sur quelques mots d’origine orientale. Parmi eux on trouve le mot <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gouine</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Il
y a quelques siècles, la gouine était une femme de mauvaise vie, une prostituée
dont le nom trouve son origine dans le féminin du normand <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gouain</i> « salaud » qui lui serait plutôt l’habitué du
bordel. Même si on trouve plusieurs hypothèses (l’anglais queen ou l’arabe goule)
quand à l’origine de ces deux mots, le dictionnaire de l’académie a retenu l’étymon
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">goyim</i>, pluriel <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>de l’hébreu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">goy</b>. Le mot <span class="st">גוי</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/goy/</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">qui
signifie « nation » dans le sens de « pays, Etat » est
utilisé non seulement en référence au peuple juif (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="st">גוי </span></span><span class="st"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span></span> <span class="st">גדול </span></span><span class="st"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">goy gadol/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
« le grand peuple »,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="st"></span><span class="st"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">גוי </span></span><span class="st"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span> <span class="st">קדוש</span></span><span class="st">
</span><span class="st"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">goy qadoš/
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">« le
peuple sacré ») mais surtout pour désigner le non-juif, le goy. Ce n’est
que lors des deux derniers siècles que le mot gouine en est venu à qualifier l’homosexuelle
femme. Certains voient aussi dans le mot goy l’étymon du français <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">goujat</b>…</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGZGv5mOVbvY05gc1a-RzSU7GwntCTiq1qCA6VZLGBLVyNv8aF2MKjZhxcpbko8Xw__krr1awI_T7r0bBl7rTo5myAL9P1l6JU5sYMz3Uz2BLGLDRZgcaRso0jBaiZRr0lHX4tJqSHZWCV/s1600/Gouine.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGZGv5mOVbvY05gc1a-RzSU7GwntCTiq1qCA6VZLGBLVyNv8aF2MKjZhxcpbko8Xw__krr1awI_T7r0bBl7rTo5myAL9P1l6JU5sYMz3Uz2BLGLDRZgcaRso0jBaiZRr0lHX4tJqSHZWCV/s1600/Gouine.bmp" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On
a aussi longtemps utilisé le mot <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bougresse</b>
pour désigner de façon péjorative les lesbiennes. Comme son masculin <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bougre</b> et ses dérivés <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bigre</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bigrement</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bougrement, rabougri</b>
il tient son origine de l’ethnonyme « Bulgare ». Depuis 1172 au moins
les Bulgares sont associés aux hérétiques, aux personnes aux mœurs mauvaises,
sodomites et homosexuels notamment parce qu’adeptes d’une communauté chrétienne
hétérodoxe : les <a href="http://truchement.blogspot.fr/2011/10/pagode-bagdad-bogdanov-le-bogomile.html" target="_blank">Bogomiles</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Au
monde homosexuel le français a longtemps associé l’utilisation du <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">godemichet</b>. Ce mot provient lui du nom
du cuir qui entre dans sa fabrication, le cuir de Gadames ou Ghadames qui est
une ville de Libye. On trouve souvent l’hypothèse latine <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gaude mihi</i> « réjouis-moi » qui s’avère être une
étymologie populaire… C’est aussi de Ghadames que provenait le cuir des guêtres
appelées <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gamache</b>. Le nom de la
Ghadames libyenne semble provenir du nom de la tribu berbère Tidamensi.</span></div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-91554957065529642882013-05-15T14:21:00.000+02:002013-05-15T15:54:27.235+02:00Ayurveda et vidéo, Vidya Balan et le Védanta<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Le
terme <b>ayurveda </b>provient des deux mots
sanskrits </span><span style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">आयुस</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/āyus/</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
« vie, longévité, force vitale » et </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">वेदाः</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/vedā/</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
« connaissance, savoir », en gros une « science de la
longévité ».<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Le
mot </span><span style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">आयुस</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/āyus/</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
« vie, longévité, force vitale » est issu de la racine
indo-européenne </span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/*ayu/</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> « vie » de laquelle
provient le latin <i>aevus </i>(d’où le français <b>âge</b>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8bOH92O-0wl3KspmAcP9k2EWtp74SqYq-ufNp6ENYCDb_AQ0Kg5pYn4b7w9z_yVL0rEJk5KahiwWefZn6Z9gYs75yFzrFA7qFgocb86iUZgnxqXMKQFoo90eGpN94m1At0wC3Ht1Evlvt/s1600/Vidya_Balan.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8bOH92O-0wl3KspmAcP9k2EWtp74SqYq-ufNp6ENYCDb_AQ0Kg5pYn4b7w9z_yVL0rEJk5KahiwWefZn6Z9gYs75yFzrFA7qFgocb86iUZgnxqXMKQFoo90eGpN94m1At0wC3Ht1Evlvt/s200/Vidya_Balan.JPG" width="198" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vidya Balan</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Le
mot </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">वेदाः</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/vedā/</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
« connaissance, savoir »qui compose la deuxième partie de ayurveda est
un terme qui dans l’hindouisme désigne un ensemble de textes à caractère sacré
que l’on nomme les <b>Védas</b>. On le trouve aussi comme adjectif sous la forme
<b>védique</b>. Il existe dans l’hindouisme un courant philosophique nommé </span><span style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">वेदान्त</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
<b>Védanta</b> « fin, raffinement du Véda » qui cherche l’unité de l’homme
avec le reste du monde connu ou inconnu. Le suffixe </span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/-anta/</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
« fin » accolé au mot /veda/ est un cognat de l’anglais <b>end </b>« fin ».
C’est aussi l’origine du prénom Vidhya ou Vidya « savant(e) » tel
celui de l’actrice indienne</span> <span style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">विद्या</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">बालन</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
<b>Vidya Balan</b>, membre du jury du festival de Cannes (et non festival de <a href="http://truchement.blogspot.fr/2011/07/stauss-kahn-et-gengis-khan.html" target="_blank">Khan</a>) 2013.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">On
peut relier le mot véda et sa racine </span><span style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">वि</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">द</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/vid/</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
« connaître, savoir » à la racine indo-européenne </span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">/*weid-/</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">
« voir, savoir » de laquelle provient aussi le latin <b>video </b>« je
vois », le français <b>voir </b>ou l’allemand <b>wisess </b>« savoir ». <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-76227610997200585282013-04-30T14:23:00.003+02:002013-04-30T16:05:19.389+02:00Narguilés, chichas et autres hookas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>La pipe à eau utilisée dans une grande
partie du monde oriental prend des noms qui rappellent son origine
géographique. En France c’est surtout sous l’appellation narghilé qu’on le
connait.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWLnV4ECAG_mxzwbGqU85VqU0mdGOepomjnkT1ng-MGBzjdilsRt5Th0P_jfTE7mgLUKKK28hpJfUEXXY21MK8Af8RCupZdghRXy4YnTBa2q60s3IfazSIFTIfFKXxZeQ7S2ipY9DIdjcK/s1600/Narikela.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWLnV4ECAG_mxzwbGqU85VqU0mdGOepomjnkT1ng-MGBzjdilsRt5Th0P_jfTE7mgLUKKK28hpJfUEXXY21MK8Af8RCupZdghRXy4YnTBa2q60s3IfazSIFTIfFKXxZeQ7S2ipY9DIdjcK/s320/Narikela.jpg" width="230" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Le mot <b>narguilé</b> nous est parvenu à travers le turc nargile qui le tenait lui-même du persan</span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> نارگيله </span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/nārgileh/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
un mot dérivé de <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>نارگیل </span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/nārgil/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
« noix de coco » parce que c’est dans cette coque que l’eau est ou
était placée. C’est à cette source persane que l’arabe empruntera le mot نارجيلة
</span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/nārjīlat/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> qui signifie aussi bien
« narguilé » que « noix de coco » (qu’on appelle aussi جوْز </span>الهند<span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> /jawz al-hind/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> « noix
d’Inde »). Cependant, le mot persan trouve son origine dans le sanskrit </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">नारिकेल</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/nārikela/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
« noix de coco » (hindi </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">नारियल </span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/nāriyala/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
qui semble lui-même emprunté à une langue dravidienne. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans les pays arabophones on utilise
plutôt le mot <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chicha</b> qui n’est pas
un mot arabe mais encore persan, شیشه </span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/šīšeh/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
signifiant « verre », désignant de nouveau le contenant du liquide. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dans la région indo-pakistanaise (et du coup en anglais) c'est sous le nom hookah que le narguilé est connu. Le mot hindi/ourdou </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">हुक़्क़ा
/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> حقّہ </span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/huqqāh/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
est emprunté à l’arabe هقّة </span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/huqqat/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> qui semble lui-même le tenir d’une autre source, peut-être le persan. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En Iran, c’est le mot قلیان </span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">qaliān</b>/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
qui est utilisé. Ici aussi il désigne le contenant du liquide et le est
emprunté à l’arabe غلى </span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/</span></span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ġ</span></span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lā/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
« bouillir » qui a aussi donné le mot غلْيون </span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/</span></span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ġ</span></span><span class="TranscriptionCar"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lyūn/</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
« pipe ».</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Afghanistan - Photo Ludo Kuipers</td></tr>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-41649967812767525352013-04-30T09:07:00.000+02:002013-04-30T16:05:43.757+02:00Sarrazins et Chouraqui de Castelsarrasin<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Alors que le mot arabe </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR;">المغرب</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> <a href="http://truchement.blogspot.fr/2011/10/europe-et-maghreb.html" target="_blank">Maghreb</a> indique le coucher du soleil,
le mot مشرق </span>/mašriq/<i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 7.5pt;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/search/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82/" target="_blank">écouter</a></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> ou <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Mashreq</b>
indique son lever et désigne l’Orient et plus particulièrement le Moyen-Orient.
Il est – comme le mot </span><span style="mso-bidi-language: AR;">شرق</span> /šarq/<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> « Est » – dérivé de la racine arabe </span><span style="mso-bidi-language: AR;">شرق</span> /šaraqa/<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
qui signifie « se lever (pour le soleil) ». C’est aussi de là que provient le
mot شرقية </span>/šarqiya<sup>t</sup>/<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 7.5pt;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/search/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9/" target="_blank">écouter</a></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> ou <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">chergui</b>
par lequel est nommé un vent marocain et c’est certainement de l’altération de
ce mot que le nom du <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sirocco</b> a été
formé, suivant en cela le cheminement du mot <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sarrazin</b>. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Par
le mot Σαρακηνοί <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sarakenoi</i>,
ce sont en fait les Grecs qui étendirent à tous les Arabes le nom que les
Romains utilisaient déjà pour désigner une tribu arabe du Sinaï. Le latin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sarracenus</i> (comme
l’anglais saracen) était une translittération de l’arabe شرقيين </span>/šarqiyyin/<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> qui signifie « orientaux ». Certains auteurs
chrétiens essayèrent un temps de faire dire au mot « qui n’est pas de Sarah »,
faisant référence en cela à l’origine biblique et coranique des Arabes qui
descendraient d’Agar, la servante égyptienne d’Abraham et non de Sarah son
épouse légitime. Toujours est-il que ce mot <b>Sarrazin</b> a servi à désigner
non seulement les Arabes puis les musulmans mais aussi tout ce qui était païen.
Ainsi, selon l’Italien <a href="http://books.google.fr/books/about/Nos_anc%C3%AAtres_les_Sarrasins_des_Alpes.html?id=G8nRjm1h1TYC&redir_esc=y" target="_blank">Joseph Henriet</a>, ont été appelés <b>Sarrasins</b>
de nombreux autochtones Alpins pré-indoeuropéens réticents pendant des siècles
à la christianisation de l’Europe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">A ces différents mots on peut rattacher les patronymes
juifs ou musulmans suivants : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Chouraqui</b>, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Cherki</b> ou <b>Cherkaoui</b>.
On trouve aussi en France le nom de famille Sarrazin ou Sarrasin. Un médecin
français installé au Canada avait envoyé une plante inconnue à un botaniste qui
nomma la famille de cette plante <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">sarracénie</b> en
son honneur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ce mot a aussi
conduit à la formation de toponymes comme c'est le cas du nom du village de <b>Castelsarrasin</b>
qui se trouve dans le Tarn-et-Garonne ou même du nom du club de rugby anglais <b>Saracens
F.C.</b></span></div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-33923585166827212902013-04-29T13:51:00.000+02:002013-04-30T16:10:18.733+02:00Fellag le fellaga et Bouteflika le fellah<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>trouve en arabe deux racines pour traduire le
verbe « fendre ». </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">La
première فلح </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/falaḥa/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> se rapporte plus spécifiquement à
l’agriculture, à l’action de <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fendre</i>
la terre. C’est de là que provient l’arabe <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">فلّاح</span><span lang="AR-SA"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/fallāḥ/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
emprunté par le français <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fellah</b> pour
désigner un paysan d’Égypte ou d’Afrique du Nord. On en retrouve la trace dans
la topomynmie (<b>Fallahabad</b> en Iran, <b>Khirbet Abu Fallah</b> en
Palestine) ou dans l'onomastique (l'activiste social iranien <b>Hossein Falah
Noshirvani</b>). Dans un sens second, ce même mot mais sans le redoublement du </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/l/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
فلاح </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/falāḥ/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD/#ar" target="_blank">écouter</a></span> signifie « bonheur, salut, succès » sans qu’on sache si cette
félicité est liée à l’état de paysan ou une image de la bouche qui sourit (qui
est <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fendue</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, comme en français "on se fend la poire"</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)… Toujours est-il que
c’est ce mot que l’on retrouve dans l’appel à la prière du muezzin :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>حي على الفلاح<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/ḥayyā
‘alā-l-falāḥ/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">« venez au salut (félicité) »</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> La racine arabe </span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> فلح </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/falaḥa/</span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">provient elle-même du radical proto-sémitique </span>
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/*plaḥ/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">« cultiver </span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">» qui a aussi donné l'hébreu פּלח</span>
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/falaḥa/ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">« couper (en tranches) </span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">» </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">origine du nom biblique <b>Pilcha</b>.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNobktxEksD0j21hLQq_nJMQR4HRut3dsNZJKCYE9Tq0QDXIRB6ptKHePQ-wga6NU-VKuiobJrqGngXLvpUsv6SwqtLfC_qk417lCXXMCI7zK_qeOKVMR8lepkUjyylgXlDU5UDvrgkJfq/s1600/Lazhar+Chra%C3%AFti.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNobktxEksD0j21hLQq_nJMQR4HRut3dsNZJKCYE9Tq0QDXIRB6ptKHePQ-wga6NU-VKuiobJrqGngXLvpUsv6SwqtLfC_qk417lCXXMCI7zK_qeOKVMR8lepkUjyylgXlDU5UDvrgkJfq/s200/Lazhar+Chra%C3%AFti.jpg" width="126" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lazhar Chraïti</td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">La deuxième</span>
فلق <span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/falaqa/
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">« fendre
en deux » peut elle aussi se rapporter à la lèvre (فلّق </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/fallaqa/
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">« gercer »)
et dans un sens imagé au bandit, au coupeur de route, le فلّاق </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/fallaq/
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">فلّاقة
</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/fallaqa<sup>t</sup>/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
le <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fellaga</b> ou <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">fellagha</b>. C’est ce terme qui sera employé par l’armée coloniale
pour désigner les combattants indépendantistes du Maghreb. C’est aussi à cette
racine que se rattache le nom de l’humoriste algérien فلاڤ Mohammed <b>Fellag</b> ou
du président algérien بوتفليقة Abdelaziz <b>Bouteflika </b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">mais le sens de leur nom n'est pas clair</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-33370198134192022512012-12-12T10:42:00.001+01:002012-12-12T10:42:39.616+01:00Tambour et tabouret<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEfDy3cDGGp4blHuri_On0WRgAIEbIMRqjVqnOHpGCuqsZuPgYNEl7-jViHT1AHUt3XVOjmtrSY0LX3NbZj8p1h2Pbv6n8-Qxn2eaeT-HzwN_luGlU7HQfCq3p1pOwZEePscQ-DL7o2hyx/s1600/tanbur-2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEfDy3cDGGp4blHuri_On0WRgAIEbIMRqjVqnOHpGCuqsZuPgYNEl7-jViHT1AHUt3XVOjmtrSY0LX3NbZj8p1h2Pbv6n8-Qxn2eaeT-HzwN_luGlU7HQfCq3p1pOwZEePscQ-DL7o2hyx/s400/tanbur-2.gif" width="146" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tunbur ou tanbur</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Le mot <b>tambour </b>provient, à travers l’ancien
français <b>tabour</b>, du persan طبير </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">/</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">ṭ</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">abīr/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> dans lequel il désigne un instrument de musique à
percussion. Alors que l’étymon persan n’est pas nasalisé, toutes les langues
proches du français possèdent un mot qui
l’est (italien tamburo, espagnol et portugais tambor). On suppose alors
l’influence du mot arabe طنبور </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">/</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">ṭ</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">unbūr/</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> même si celui-ci désigne un
instrument à corde et non à percussion. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Le mot tambour a eu beaucoup de succès
en français et il a plus tard désigné – par analogie de forme – différents
objets cylindriques : porte à tambour, tambour de machine à laver ou
d’imprimante. C’est aussi à cause de sa forme et issu phonétiquement de
l’ancien français tabour que le mot <b>tabouret </b>fini par désigner ce petit siège
après avoir servi à nommer une petite pelote dans laquelle on plantait des
épingles.</span></span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_I9rd8jePQDMWVEKn5M0-WxWMHvMO8o_kPOqcbIeEzp7u9s91ojavuPnI5MT_UNpF0R_isGUF2hwgI-JC47vFQAe1-85P0UZTmQ7NjvsIgD0wvEjAcvzOCgi7UVTFD282CErjRsdd86sW/s1600/Tambour+%C3%A0+%C3%A9pingles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_I9rd8jePQDMWVEKn5M0-WxWMHvMO8o_kPOqcbIeEzp7u9s91ojavuPnI5MT_UNpF0R_isGUF2hwgI-JC47vFQAe1-85P0UZTmQ7NjvsIgD0wvEjAcvzOCgi7UVTFD282CErjRsdd86sW/s1600/Tambour+%C3%A0+%C3%A9pingles.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tambour à épingles</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-7964324493950518632012-12-10T08:23:00.002+01:002012-12-10T08:53:20.939+01:00La nouba du nabab<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">De la racine arabe </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">ناب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">/nāb/</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> « remplacer </span><span style="font-size: 21px;">quelqu’un</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> » est issu aussi bien le mot nouba que
le mot nabab. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJMIJA3_kzQgQUgn9QD1_HjlvhGCZ3W9jcy9ynnTNlmDMZbqMGBYb4lNzxa0YP9g9figLUpGQswIhf-77UwkqskP0Yz8TCG-NUJCa_fD_yNb_1X2ZIa2eZuGf6omEf_ifJygRoTdjAhdHd/s1600/nouba.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJMIJA3_kzQgQUgn9QD1_HjlvhGCZ3W9jcy9ynnTNlmDMZbqMGBYb4lNzxa0YP9g9figLUpGQswIhf-77UwkqskP0Yz8TCG-NUJCa_fD_yNb_1X2ZIa2eZuGf6omEf_ifJygRoTdjAhdHd/s200/nouba.JPG" width="149" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">La <b>nouba</b> désignait à l’origine une musique jouée à tour de rôle sous
les fenêtres de personnes importantes. Ceci explique que le mot نوبة </span><span class="Style1Car">/nawba<sup>t</sup>/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <a href="http://fr.forvo.com/search/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">écouter</span></a> « tour, période » désigne aussi par
extension en arabe maghrébin un « orchestre, une fanfare ».
L’expression « faire la nouba » a pris dans la bouche des militaires
français d’Algérie le sens de « faire la fête ».<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6EOcmvSYDOeb0VTyT_DERzD7qfXtO5h3hYMPlXRYjBcQXjzn4Q15zxy2ggIRUWDUSrPZCswcERCsUZ4urQFt6ZpLuF-yz4P6_NlI8Owvmcj50JTMbV3zqELH4kfeFM08MF2DaFoGYWV0F/s1600/Saif-Ali-Khan-Nawab-of-Pataudi-.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6EOcmvSYDOeb0VTyT_DERzD7qfXtO5h3hYMPlXRYjBcQXjzn4Q15zxy2ggIRUWDUSrPZCswcERCsUZ4urQFt6ZpLuF-yz4P6_NlI8Owvmcj50JTMbV3zqELH4kfeFM08MF2DaFoGYWV0F/s320/Saif-Ali-Khan-Nawab-of-Pataudi-.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Le nawab Saif Ali Khan</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> Le
mot <b>nabab</b> provient du pluriel نوّاب </span><span class="Style1Car">/nawwāb/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> de </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">l’arabe نائب </span><span class="Style1Car">/nā’ib/</span><i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></i><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8/#ar" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">écouter</span></span></a><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> qui signifie « député,
délégué » mais aussi « remplaçant ». Dans l’Inde moghole il
désignait un gouverneur provincial ou un chef d’armée avant de devenir un titre
pour les souverains musulmans. L’acteur indien Saif Ali Khan est depuis 2011 proclamé </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">nawab de Pataudi </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">(hindi </span><span style="font-size: 21px; text-align: left;">नवाब </span>/nawāb/ <span style="font-size: 16pt;">ourdou </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">نوّاب </span>/nawwāb/<span style="font-size: 21px;">)</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">En français, le mot
nabab désignait plutôt un Occidental qui s’était enrichi dans l’Empire
britannique puis toute personne richissime.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-5075074639368319152012-12-08T08:14:00.002+01:002012-12-08T08:14:54.425+01:00Mahaleb d'Alep<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Le <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bois de sainte Lucie</b> (<i>Prunus mahaleb</i>) est un cerisier qui
porte de petits fruits noirs et acides. Son noyau est pulvérisé pour donner un
épice connu dans les régions méditerranéennes et qui est utilisé notamment en
pâtisserie. Son autre nom - <b>mahaleb</b> - provient du mot arabe</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">محلب </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">/maẖalab/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> qui signifie « émulsion » en arabe
dialectal (arabe moderne <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">مستحلب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">/mustaẖalab/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">) tiré du radical sémitique </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">/*ẖalab/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> « lait »</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"> (</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">arabe
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">حليب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">/ẖalīb/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> <a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8/#ar" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">écouter</span></a>). De cette racine proviennent plusieurs noms
bibliques tels que </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">חלב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">/ẖayleb/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> <a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91/#he" target="_blank">écouter</a></span>, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">חלבה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">/ẖelbah/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> ou </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">חלבון</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">ẖ</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">elbone/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;"> qui tous possèdent un sens qui tourne autour des
notions « lait – blanc – fertile ». La même idée habite le nom de la
ville syrienne d’<b>Alep</b> qui en arabe se nomme </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">حلب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">/ẖalab/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8/#ar" target="_blank">écouter</a> </span>« traire » même si le nom d’origine est antérieur mais
toujours issu du même radical sémitique. De cette racine provient par ailleurs
le mot <b>galbanum</b>, une résine odorante tiré de la plante <i>Ferula gummosa</i>
qui pousse en Iran. On ne connaît pas précisément la langue d’origine du mot
mais on en a la trace dans des langues sémitiques telles que l’hébreu </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">חלבנה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">/</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">ẖ</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">elbenah/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;"> « galbanum ». </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwxH03gfwUQx6LjV6sT65kg74otgM1bFByAV2-2pbHVl-8YrWU-96eKSxmipQHkOadNg4u3CIBmYMyA1a4unApx9I6CDxBbBizL8pp5nmdtkiSFGgvbEeKYmXbR4hzaeyWjeANljAUR4lr/s1600/halab.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwxH03gfwUQx6LjV6sT65kg74otgM1bFByAV2-2pbHVl-8YrWU-96eKSxmipQHkOadNg4u3CIBmYMyA1a4unApx9I6CDxBbBizL8pp5nmdtkiSFGgvbEeKYmXbR4hzaeyWjeANljAUR4lr/s1600/halab.bmp" /></a></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgmF2rUugxbmDTHKIrBdHHtDJrAatf8DhoEroxJFD9J0PxKl5E4rvOR285qegu2AeAmPREHD5meyz8TUP9Jx6ihaMev0cOVo-TiZxa_YUkOc-TFxPzpKsMYv6h9zaeTDIjS5PTqfbqxaw7/s1600/HalibDms.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgmF2rUugxbmDTHKIrBdHHtDJrAatf8DhoEroxJFD9J0PxKl5E4rvOR285qegu2AeAmPREHD5meyz8TUP9Jx6ihaMev0cOVo-TiZxa_YUkOc-TFxPzpKsMYv6h9zaeTDIjS5PTqfbqxaw7/s640/HalibDms.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Halibna "notre lait"</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-24284146092517846932012-12-07T11:36:00.000+01:002012-12-08T05:48:00.065+01:00Abricots et quetsches de Damas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju33THeJ2aNZt-1GZ1jx9q-YniHv877wM2wleKf2lG1mCfMQ0DtLjbzftTNJu6yJ4I-zOXQ0fFVdLHfjIJsBHAeWGSFUVjI6ZtRz6Ls48WG-pvPEeRa_qtYi9VIe73o-AtK-Kh4Lt8lbVn/s1600/Abricot+de+Damas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju33THeJ2aNZt-1GZ1jx9q-YniHv877wM2wleKf2lG1mCfMQ0DtLjbzftTNJu6yJ4I-zOXQ0fFVdLHfjIJsBHAeWGSFUVjI6ZtRz6Ls48WG-pvPEeRa_qtYi9VIe73o-AtK-Kh4Lt8lbVn/s200/Abricot+de+Damas.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Abricot de Damas</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">On entend souvent dire que le mot <b>abricot</b> est
d’origine arabe et ceci n’est que partiellement vrai. Si abricot nous provient bien
de l’arabe</span> <span style="font-size: large;">البرقوق </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/al-barqūq</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/ <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/search/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82/" target="_blank">écouter</a></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">, on sait que cet intermédiaire a </span><span style="font-size: 21px;">précédemment</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> été emprunté aulatin
</span><i style="font-size: 16pt;">(malum)</i> <i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">præcoquum</span></i><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"> qui signifie « (fruit) qui mûrit
prématurément ». L’arabe moderne utilise le mot </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">المشمش</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">/al-mišmiš/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/search/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B4/" target="_blank">écouter</a></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> pour désigner l’abricot alors que le mot</span><span style="font-size: large;"> البرقوقة </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/al-barqūqa</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">t</sup><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/
</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">désigne
désormais la prune et plus spécifiquement la quetsche (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">برقوق
أرجوانى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">/barqūq
ārjwāny/ </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">« prune
pourpre »). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Le mot <b>quetsche</b> lui est un emprunt au moyen allemand <i>querschke</i>, une altération profonde du
latin <i>davascena</i>, qui provient originellement de la prononciation latine de la ville de
Damas (<i>Damascēnum</i>). L’anglais traduit d’ailleurs le mot quetsche par le mot
damson alors qu’elle nomme la
capitale syrienne Damascus, mot plus proche du nom arabe <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">دمشق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">/dimašq/</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/search/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82/" target="_blank">écouter</a></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> de la ville. Par ailleurs, les mots <b>damassine</b> (aussi appelée prune de Damas), <b>damassé</b> et <b>damasquiner</b>
en découlent aussi. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span>
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">On ne connaît pas la
signification du mot <b>Damas</b> même si l’on soupçonne une origine pré
sémitique. En arabe, la ville se nomme </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">دمشق الشام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">/dimašq
aš-šām/ <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82/#ar" target="_blank">écouter</a></span> </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">souvent
abrégé en </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">الشام</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">/aš-šām/ </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">par les </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Damascènes</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> et c’est de là que provient le nom de la chaîne
hôtelière de luxe <b>Cham</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUPcB5a6hvy2uucSyOJO3luWIjybGR0qIqwhnlvrwcmEOrblyZ8bOrAAOzcN-WjbbaWt7AiHRbFk3wmRO6VyRFA_yPVdn5x4Uwyu4q6_2PaV8Mpu45ixzNhNXKpVbLC4IOO8Ft85DXpRRe/s1600/Cham_hotels-logo-7AE6417720-seeklogo.com.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUPcB5a6hvy2uucSyOJO3luWIjybGR0qIqwhnlvrwcmEOrblyZ8bOrAAOzcN-WjbbaWt7AiHRbFk3wmRO6VyRFA_yPVdn5x4Uwyu4q6_2PaV8Mpu45ixzNhNXKpVbLC4IOO8Ft85DXpRRe/s200/Cham_hotels-logo-7AE6417720-seeklogo.com.gif" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Logo des hôtels Cham</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">On a reproché aux croisés l'inutilité des croisades et on leur a reproché d'y être allé "<b>pour des prunes</b>".</span><br />
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-23579076532873524142012-11-24T09:30:00.000+01:002012-11-24T04:55:40.030+01:00Achoura en Syrie, Asenappar à Assur<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd3f6bnWz1wkFZptEeaTSZSLEjD7ReG3w6cDMwTUcucBdoJt8KIS1aOmifAQ8E2XAZKcOUqlYpYpnpYzxZzp2KzLhogP4c6s3zWpon8_wbytnxEst1O5u3sWugpa-re8lGTKWIOxu7FplR/s1600/imam+Husein.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd3f6bnWz1wkFZptEeaTSZSLEjD7ReG3w6cDMwTUcucBdoJt8KIS1aOmifAQ8E2XAZKcOUqlYpYpnpYzxZzp2KzLhogP4c6s3zWpon8_wbytnxEst1O5u3sWugpa-re8lGTKWIOxu7FplR/s200/imam+Husein.jpg" width="153" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Imam Hussein</td></tr>
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Aujourd'hui les musulmans célèbrent une fête appelée <b>Achoura</b>. Elle prend chez les sunnites la forme d'un jeûne ainsi que l'avait préconisé Mahommet et au Maroc elle est appelée "Fête des enfants". Les chiites eux <span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: left;">associent à</span> l'Achoura la commémoration du martyre de l'imam Hussein et de sa famille pendant la bataille de Kerbala en Irak. Durant cette célébration, certains chiites participent à des flagellations rituelles afin de revivre la passion de Hussein. </div>
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Achoura, comme toutes les fêtes musulmanes est basée sur le calendrier lunaire et se décale de 11 jours tous les ans par rapport à notre calendrier solaire. Cependant, comme l'indique son nom, cette fête tombe le "dixième" jour du mois de Mouharram. L'arabe عاشوراء /ʿāshūrāʾ/ signifie "le dix, le dixième", un dérivé du mot عشرة /ʿāshr<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">a</span><sup style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 47px;">t</sup>/ "dix", cognat de l'hébreu עשר /ʿasher/ "dix". Le mois de Mouharram est aussi le premier mois du calendrier musulman, nous venons donc de passer dans l'année 1434 de l'hégire.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxAQFMFj0P4WRy62ANC0qg324f0811TqVkuVxg0b8DvhAtFZttr92lH9dWIbl2fFD5hGh-s-qePmnDu7YLIAWjLfN65aPytMQH7shBrUQOV2oCKRK61e6JFSTi5FJYSrZeLLchFfULUOEt/s1600/Assur.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxAQFMFj0P4WRy62ANC0qg324f0811TqVkuVxg0b8DvhAtFZttr92lH9dWIbl2fFD5hGh-s-qePmnDu7YLIAWjLfN65aPytMQH7shBrUQOV2oCKRK61e6JFSTi5FJYSrZeLLchFfULUOEt/s200/Assur.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Assur</td></tr>
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Le mot Achoura n'a rien à voir avec son presque homonyme <b>Assur </b>/aššur/ divinité éponyme de l'ancienne ville mésopotamienne d'Assur. On suppose que ce nom est à l'origine non seulement du nom des <b>Assyriens </b>mais aussi de celui de la <b>Syrie</b>. On le retrouve par ailleurs dans le nom d'<b>Assurbanipal</b> ou <b>Ashshurbanipal</b>, roi d'Assyrie du 7ème siècle avant Jésus-Christ que l'on rencontre dans la bible sous le nom d'<b>Asenappar</b>. </div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-17887841467181344852012-10-25T09:12:00.000+02:002012-10-25T09:14:37.269+02:00Kabîr el-kébir à Guadalquivir<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8MA_HaixI7S_atZpkijzjo7rcWNQxiaGg0PCo5Ad7MdYQhW59JTsZT_-EdrqQVCBOf9SLCEIMX8XViU1JaHpDcxWznvzH-5PgRvQQzLVZCC1t48nRHt6aCZ8RJGlZlA-3orPp7lqWfmtl/s1600/800px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
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Demain, les musulmans du monde entier célèbreront une des fêtes les plus importantes du calendrier islamique : عيد الأضحى l'<b>Aïd-el Adha</b> “fête du sacrifice” aussi appelée عيد الكبير <b>Aïd-el-Kébir</b> “la grande fête” en mémoire du sacrifice d'Abraham sur son fils Ismaël.</div>
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L'arabe عيد/'aid/ signifie donc "fête" et كبير /kabīr/ "grand" et c'est celui-ci qui est à l'origine du prénom <b>Kabir </b>et de son féminin <b>Kabira</b>. On le retrouve dans de nombreux toponymes tels que <b>Al Souk Al Kabir</b> "le grand souk à Dubaï", <b>Ksar el-Kébir</b> "le grand palais" au Maroc ou incognito dans le nom de la rivière espagnole <b>Guadalquivir</b>. Ce nom est en fait une altération de l'arabe واد الكبير /wad el-k<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span>ābīr/ "grande oued (rivière)". On retrouve cette déformation du mot oued dans d'autres noms de lieux : Guadalajara "oued des pierres", Guadeloupe "oued du père (?)" ou Guadamur "oued des vagues (?)".</div>
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<b>Kabîr </b>était par ailleurs le nom d'un célèbre poète mystique indien revendiqué aussi bien par les musulmans que les hindous (<span class="st">कबीर)</span>.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy7IZ8OGQMmuLCuk9KWsE75mkEDqHZXKRXwOYcZUQa9BBWn-xPd3tlg6awSdSMa4geP564h26uLoJUwrtm6fg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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Où me cherches tu ?</div>
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Je suis avec toi</div>
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Je ne suis pas dans les pèlerinages,</div>
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ni dans les icônes,</div>
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Ni dans l’isolement,</div>
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Ni dans les temples, ni dans les mosquées,</div>
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Ni a la Kaaba, ni au mont Kailash,</div>
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Je suis avec toi, ô mon serviteur</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Je suis avec toi</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8MA_HaixI7S_atZpkijzjo7rcWNQxiaGg0PCo5Ad7MdYQhW59JTsZT_-EdrqQVCBOf9SLCEIMX8XViU1JaHpDcxWznvzH-5PgRvQQzLVZCC1t48nRHt6aCZ8RJGlZlA-3orPp7lqWfmtl/s1600/800px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8MA_HaixI7S_atZpkijzjo7rcWNQxiaGg0PCo5Ad7MdYQhW59JTsZT_-EdrqQVCBOf9SLCEIMX8XViU1JaHpDcxWznvzH-5PgRvQQzLVZCC1t48nRHt6aCZ8RJGlZlA-3orPp7lqWfmtl/s200/800px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinVINdpFthLSuMrM21Ngdn0Ir8Kz08vm3nGhKAYO9HAZSz6TExGjBF0ocwnIpEcBAvt7E13Z0HYXu0iv5-4kriy2Hcr2CmJRDe-Z6w1wz-1jrdTD0wT_k8oNQQFy5Pe-7MCWOBAjR7S8B2/s1600/800px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinVINdpFthLSuMrM21Ngdn0Ir8Kz08vm3nGhKAYO9HAZSz6TExGjBF0ocwnIpEcBAvt7E13Z0HYXu0iv5-4kriy2Hcr2CmJRDe-Z6w1wz-1jrdTD0wT_k8oNQQFy5Pe-7MCWOBAjR7S8B2/s200/800px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" width="200" /></a>C'est aussi un dérivé de ce mot que l'on retrouve comme superlatif dans le takbir musulman <span class="lang-ar" dir="rtl" lang="ar">الله أكبر</span> <b>Allah(u) akbar</b> "Dieu est le plus grand" que l'on retrouve inscrit aussi bien sur le drapeau irakien qu'iranien.<br />
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-88844786771482699772012-10-12T20:23:00.000+02:002012-10-12T20:37:59.176+02:00Tel-Aviv et le Tell algérien<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">On trouve dans la première
partie du nom de <b><a href="http://truchement.blogspot.fr/2012/10/abeba-et-les-fleurs-de-tel-aviv.html" target="_blank">Tel-Aviv</a></b>, un mot
hébreu</span> <span style="font-size: large;">תֵּל </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">/tel/</span> <span style="font-size: large;">qui signifie « colline ». Il provient de la
racine sémitique <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">/tül-/ </span></span><span style="font-size: large;">ou</span><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 35.4pt;">/tall/ </span><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: 35.4pt;">« colline » duquel provient aussi l’arabe </span><span style="font-size: large;">تلّ </span><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large; text-indent: 35.4pt;">/tall/</span><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> « colline,
monticule ».</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3gFgxTamxCg-S8UDX9jZGNVTt0k0oy5RjA_wkVBZPEySb6XzPw_BwsIbYwa0D9dNPzGW2FN2kkrB1uCf0JBq5vldyMklTE4GaehmCHUQDSZx_-NMcLiLvR4bXShsc699QN1btuT4tIXSN/s1600/48111_Tel-Aviv_400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3gFgxTamxCg-S8UDX9jZGNVTt0k0oy5RjA_wkVBZPEySb6XzPw_BwsIbYwa0D9dNPzGW2FN2kkrB1uCf0JBq5vldyMklTE4GaehmCHUQDSZx_-NMcLiLvR4bXShsc699QN1btuT4tIXSN/s320/48111_Tel-Aviv_400.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: 35.4pt;">Ce dernier a été emprunté par le vocabulaire archéologie sous la forme</span> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>tel </b></span><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: 35.4pt;">ou </span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>tell </b></span><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: 35.4pt;">pour désigner une « <i>colline artificielle, tertre ou
tumulus formé par des ruines</i> » (Le Robert).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;">On retrouve ce terme dans
la toponymie du monde arabe comme c’est le cas dans le nom du site
archéologique égyptien de <b>Tel el-Armana</b>,
du village <b>Tell</b> en Palestine ou de
la région du <b>Tell</b> en Algérie qui
désigne l’ensemble des plateaux du nord ce pays.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-26331997143058090262012-10-11T14:41:00.000+02:002012-10-11T14:41:19.332+02:00Abeba et les fleurs de Tel-Aviv<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">La deuxième partie du nom d’<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://truchement.blogspot.fr/2012/10/la-capitale-de-lethiopie-addis-abeba-un.html" target="_blank">Addis-Abeba</a> </b>« nouvelle fleur » ou « de
nouveau fleurie » est issue de l’amharique </span><span style="font-family: "Abyssinica SIL"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">አበባ</span> <span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">/abäbaa/</span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> « fleur » qui provient
d’une racine sémitique </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Style1Car"><span>/<sup>c</sup>anbūb/</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"> « roseau, orge ». </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">C’est aussi de celle-ci que
vient l’hébreu</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> אביב </span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">/aviv/</span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
« épi, printemps » que l’on retrouve dans le nom de la capitale
d’Israël <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tel Aviv</b> « la colline
du printemps ». </span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6qP6nq5ASk2TGxQy6kC8ArkwD5Erq_CYSAcV4lLUCc_jYNoD0Ao1Uj9Q8Alq8M8HPbWbeU0yLELe5eBQz8GEHL_61OVSvlQCCKBtWhfWqdIBCT2G19QhRY93t5m92oSzGu6ccsCMciHdC/s1600/800px-Francesco_Hayez_017.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6qP6nq5ASk2TGxQy6kC8ArkwD5Erq_CYSAcV4lLUCc_jYNoD0Ao1Uj9Q8Alq8M8HPbWbeU0yLELe5eBQz8GEHL_61OVSvlQCCKBtWhfWqdIBCT2G19QhRY93t5m92oSzGu6ccsCMciHdC/s400/800px-Francesco_Hayez_017.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Francesco Hayez </b><i>- La Destruction du temple de Jérusalem</i> (1867)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Le
radical sémitique avait précédemment donné l’akkadien </span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">/abu/</span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
qui qui est l’origine du mot אב</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">/av/</span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">,
mois du calendrier luno-solaire hébraïque qui tombe en été. Le 9 de ce mois (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">תשעה באב</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE" style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">/tišah be
av/ </span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">« 9 de Av »), les juifs
commémorent la destruction des deux temples de Jérusalem et pleurent les
victimes de la Shoah. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Le
calendrier musulman possède un calendrier lunaire dont les noms des mois sont
arabes mais celui utilisé au Moyen-Orient (Liban, Syrie, Iraq…) emploie
lui-aussi ce nom </span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">آب</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
</span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">/</span></span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">ā</span></span><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">b/</span></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">
d’origine akkadienne. </span></div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-59021259198011448342012-10-07T13:07:00.002+02:002012-10-07T16:20:13.698+02:00Addis-Abeba et les hadiths de Carthage<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">La capitale de l’Éthiopie </span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Addis-Abeba</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> porte un nom amharique </span><span style="font-family: "Abyssinica SIL"; font-size: 14pt;">አዲስ</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Abyssinica SIL"; font-size: 14pt;">አበባ</span><b><span style="font-family: "GF Zemen Unicode"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span></b><span class="Style1Car"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">/’adis abäba/</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Addis_Abeba.ogg" target="_blank">écouter</a></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> qui signifie « nouvelle fleur » mais qu’il faut plutôt comprendre comme « de nouveau fleurie ». L'</span><span style="font-size: 21px;">amharique</span><span style="font-size: 21px;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Abyssinica SIL'; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">አዲስ</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span class="Style1Car" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">/adisi/ </span> </span></span><span class="Style1Car" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">« nouveau » </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">provient de la racine sémitique </span><span class="Style1Car" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">/*ḥdθ/</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> qui a donné plusieurs mots parmi lesquels on peut relever :</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">l’arabe حديث </span><span class="Style1Car" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">/ḥadīθ/</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB/#ar" target="_blank">écouter</a></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> qui signifie « nouveau » a aussi le sens de « rapport, tradition ». Les <b>hadith</b> sont en islam, le recueil des paroles du prophète Muhammad,</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">le phénicien</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'MPH 2B Damase'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">𐤔𐤃𐤇</span><span style="font-family: 'MPH 2B Damase'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span class="Style1Car" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">/hadaš/</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> « nouveau » dans le nom de la ville nord-africaine <b>Carthage</b> </span><span style="font-family: 'MPH 2B Damase'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">𐤔𐤃𐤇</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'MPH 2B Damase'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">𐤕𐤓𐤒</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span class="Style1Car" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">/qart hadaš/</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> « ville neuve ». La ville espagnole de <b>Carthagène</b> est une redite du mot nouveau par l’espagnol Carthago Nova « nouvelle Carthage », ville fondée par Asdrubal.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;">l’hébreu חדשׁ </span><span class="Style1Car" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">/ẖadaš/</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; text-indent: 35.4pt;"> signifie « nouveau » et c’est de ce mot que provient le prénom <b>Hadosh</b>.</span></li>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-7342191025356850572012-10-01T21:15:00.000+02:002012-10-02T08:47:29.616+02:00Riad de Riyad<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">La capitale de l'Arabie Saoudite,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Riyad<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>tient son nom de l'arabe رياض<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 7.5pt;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6/" target="_blank">écouter</a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">/riyā</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ḍ</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">/</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">, pluriel du mot روضة</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> /raw</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ḍ</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">a</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt;">h</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">/</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">qui signifie "jardin, parc,
verger", rappelant l'importance de ce genre de lieu dans le désert. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsuDuwhFzvIpQvfcCFHCPiz2Y-91KoWwn4C7OT2ADB2YZN8dkcZ-GwnWp8Ktmpoxtn0qVFFjetXLu28x8RpiSv4CQD7rr8rv3jkT-XMOMhPfNGzZRzJTk8O5tBzZRqosjtn0dcRIqb6OUW/s1600/Riad.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsuDuwhFzvIpQvfcCFHCPiz2Y-91KoWwn4C7OT2ADB2YZN8dkcZ-GwnWp8Ktmpoxtn0qVFFjetXLu28x8RpiSv4CQD7rr8rv3jkT-XMOMhPfNGzZRzJTk8O5tBzZRqosjtn0dcRIqb6OUW/s320/Riad.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">C'est le même mot que l'on retrouve dans le nom des riads
marocains même si la graphie française le modifie un peu. Le<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>riad<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></b>qui pour les Français désigne
plutôt la grosse maison bourgeoise fait référence au jardin intérieur qu'ils
sont sensés posséder. Cependant en arabe marocain ce mot porte aussi la notion
de cimetière comme on en trouve la trace dans le nom des ruelles de Marrakech,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>Riad Zitoun</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>"le cimetière de
l'oliveraie" al jadid (la nouvelle) et al-qadim (l'ancienne).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4cp2qVO-ssbbGFErudTIN5X8bNQ_kLRSPbEDMp2YsR71TkH77CtxQ-72-OuH-qaKGhntk4ZTK538pr8pmZCFkVTA0QVG2yj78n9Rt905yYw5Cl5q6yhzJxrTyqI7dQBdGZePNSYcZPkRW/s1600/Math+sports.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4cp2qVO-ssbbGFErudTIN5X8bNQ_kLRSPbEDMp2YsR71TkH77CtxQ-72-OuH-qaKGhntk4ZTK538pr8pmZCFkVTA0QVG2yj78n9Rt905yYw5Cl5q6yhzJxrTyqI7dQBdGZePNSYcZPkRW/s200/Math+sports.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Très proche phonétiquement, le mot arabe رياضي </span><span style="font-size: 7.5pt;"><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A/" target="_blank">écouter</a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> /riyā</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">ḍ</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">y/ </span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">provient d'une autre racine et porte deux
sens différents (qui ne le sont peut-être pas tant que ça) : sportif et
mathématique.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-80956025373361544512012-09-13T15:58:00.000+02:002012-09-13T15:58:25.925+02:00Conférence étymologique<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sites.univ-provence.fr/webtv/?id=olivier_marande&z=9" target="_blank">Une conférence centrée sur les mots de la Méditérranée donnée par Louis-Jean Calvet </a></div>
<a href="http://sites.univ-provence.fr/webtv/?id=olivier_marande&z=9" target="_blank"><br /></a>
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<span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="http://sites.univ-provence.fr/webtv/?id=olivier_marande&z=9" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6s0uNKdQpXN527BzcS0tog6uhDRg6sCixhRz8a0NLUi43zGZbnVS4XB2HLJhV0Ze4FOMtTWa6yE17iBlGLpcFpfJggzFjPWZSxgrnOCK4a89D4T2UBn7V_DhWKLIxX1J_7Qak_aJXR-q8/s1600/conf_calvet_191110.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<br />Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-76377674403368759482012-09-12T15:51:00.001+02:002012-09-12T15:51:57.990+02:00Divan à la douane de commerce<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Clip pour la présidentielle de N.Sarkozy</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Le français <b>douane</b> provient de l'arabe ديوان <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">/dīwān/</span> qui signifie “bureau, secrétariat” et c'est aussi de ce dernier qu'est dérivé le mot <b>divan</b> : l'administration ottomane aimait recevoir sur de petits meubles bas recouverts de coussins. La forme <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">/divã/</span> est d'ailleurs la prononciation turque du mot arabe.<br /><br />Cependant celui-ci est un emprunt au persan <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">/diwan/</span> “registre” lui même issu du sumérien <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">/dub/ </span></span><span style="font-size: large;">“tablette (d'argile), texte sacré”. Le mot sumérien est aussi à l'origine du persan دبیر </span> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">/dabir/ </span>“enseignant” que l'on retrouve dans le mot دبیرستان <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">/dabirestān/</span> “université”.<br /><br />De ce même étymon sumérien provient le mot arabe et persan أدب /adab/ “politesse, urbanité” qui désigne aussi la façon qu'on les musulmans d'Asie de se saluer en portant leur main droite au front, l'<b>adab</b>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8RaNeywq8c&feature=related" target="_blank">Saawariya film de Sanjay Leela Bhansali</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />Dans les pays arabophones, il n'y a guère qu'en Tunisie que l'on se sert du mot ديوانة /dīwāna<span style="font-size: x-small;">t</span>/ pour rendre le sens de douane ailleurs c'est le mot جمارك /jamārik/ qu'on utilise et il prend la forme /gamārek/ en Egypte. Ce mot est emprunté au turc gümrük “douane” provenant lui-même du persan گمرک /gomrok/ qui l'avait précédemment hérité du latin <i>commercium</i> /komerkium/... </span><span style="font-size: large;"><br />Pour résumer, le mot douane n'est pas d'origine arabe mais d'origine sumérienne alors que le mot arabe جمارك est d'origine latine. </span><br />
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Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-35730675069945530622012-06-26T19:03:00.000+02:002012-06-26T19:03:34.889+02:00A propos de l'intercompréhension entre langues voisines<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="139" scrolling="no" src="http://www.franceculture.fr/player/export-reecouter?content=4325973" width="481"></iframe></div>Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-89414485101773485162012-06-02T18:43:00.001+02:002012-06-03T11:07:24.231+02:00Jubiler le jubilé<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bouc (
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;">יובל </span></span>yobel) <br />
qui jubile</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;">En plus du Yom Kippour annuel, la tradition juive a connu une fête durant laquelle toutes les peines et les dettes étaient déclarées caduques. Cette fête avait la particularité d’être célébrée tous les cinquante ans et était annoncée par le son émis d’une corne de bélier connue sous le nom de יובל </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">/yobel/</span><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"> « bélier ou corne de bélier ». C’est ce mot que la tradition chrétienne a retenu sous la forme <b>jubilé</b>. Il est ensuite entré dans le langage courant pour désigner une célébration, non seulement tout cinquantième anniversaire, mais aussi toute date à compte rond ayant valeur symbolique. Le latin ecclésiastique <i>jubilaeus </i>qui a servi d’intermédiaire a subi l’influence du mot latin <i>jubilare </i>qui signifiait « pousser des cris » et qui nous a laissé les mots <b>jubilation</b>, <b>jubilatoire </b>et <b>jubiler </b>qui n’ont évidemment aucun rapport étymologique avec le mot jubilé.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Aujourd’hui encore dans les synagogues et lors des fêtes du Yom Kippour et de Rosh Hashanah on fait sonner une autre trompette faite de <b>corne de bélier</b> et appelée שופר /šōfar/ « corne (de bélier), <b>shofar </b>». Cependant le premier mot en hébreu pour le mot <b>corne </b>dans son sens large est le mot קרן /kehren/, voisin de l’arabe قرن /qarn/ étrangement proches du français corne qui provient pourtant, à travers le latin <i>cornu</i>, de l’indo-européen /*ker/ « objet protubérant ».</span></div>
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<br /></div>Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5711349641921236604.post-77702965238429882192012-05-26T12:32:00.000+02:002012-05-26T13:50:08.618+02:00Un chouia de X pour macache<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Les
civilisations anciennes utilisaient déjà des signes mathématiques pour noter l’algèbre.
Ainsi les Chinois pour représenter l’inconnue d’une équation utilisaient et
utilisent toujours le signe<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'MS Mincho'; font-size: 16pt;">元</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> qui est
aussi le symbole monétaire du Yuan. Dans le monde arabo-musulman,
c’est le mathématicien persan Al-Khawarizmi qui va populariser la lettre<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ش </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/š/</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">, initiale de l’arabe </span><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A1/#ar" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">شيء </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">écouter</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/šay<sup>c</sup>/</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> « chose (à trouver, à
déterminer) » pour signifier l’inconnue. Cette idée va être reprise par le
savant berbère Al-Qalasadi et les Espagnols reprendront la notion par la transcription x qui est la notation espagnole médiévale du son </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/š/</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">. En gros,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>x</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>est l’abréviation espagnole de l’arabe
شيء<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/šay<sup>c</sup>/</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">« chose ».</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<tr><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Latin</th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Arabe</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><img alt="z = x + iy = r(\cos{\varphi}+i \sin{\varphi})= r e^{i\varphi} = r\angle{\varphi}" class="tex" height="19" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/8/2/5/82524f9f65df489ecb6256e796ca0e2d.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="320" /></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabic_mathematical_complex_analysis.PNG" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;"><img alt="Arabic mathematical complex analysis.PNG" height="24" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arabic_mathematical_complex_analysis.PNG/400px-Arabic_mathematical_complex_analysis.PNG" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<a href="http://www.google.fr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=x%20shay%20%20math%C3%A9matiques%20marrakech&source=web&cd=3&sqi=2&ved=0CGsQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.unipa.it%2F~grim%2FMahdiAbdjQuad11.pdf&ei=WK_AT5yrB4WyrAepxKjlCQ&usg=AFQjCNEakWQXBNEl76-t2t145V0Z-BgKFw" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;" target="_blank">Voir ce lien</a><span style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 35.4pt;">pour plus de précision</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Le mot
arabe شيء </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/šay</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">c</sup><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/</span> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"> « chose »
a été emprunté par plusieurs langues. C’est par exemple le cas du turc
</span><a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%C5%9Fey/#tr" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">şey</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> écouter</span></a><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/šey/</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">ou du persan شى </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/šy/</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> « chose » mais aussi du français<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>chouïa</b>. En effet, le mot arabe
شوية<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>/šūya<sup>t</sup>/<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">« un peu », diminutif du mot
<a href="http://fr.forvo.com/word/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A1/#ar" target="_blank">شيء</a> </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/šay</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">c</sup><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/</span> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"> est entré
dans la langue parlée par l’intermédiaire des militaires postés dans le
Maghreb.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">En arabe
maghrébin, le mot شيء </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></span>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/šay</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">c</sup><span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">/</span> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"> joue aussi un rôle grammatical
exprimant la négation. Il est par exemple présent dans la dernière syllabe de
l’expression<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>/mā kānš/<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">« il n’a pas, rien » altéré par
le français lors de son emprunt en<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>macache</b>.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>Fred RENN fʁɛd ʁɛnhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07160588426907655857noreply@blogger.com0